Embedded systems are devices that include a microprocessor or microcontroller and its supporting circuitry. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded systems are designed to perform predetermined tasks often with real-time computing constraints. They are embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical and mechanical components. Common examples include anti-lock braking systems in vehicles, industrial automation control systems, routers, set-top boxes and medical equipment.

Embedded Systems have specialized hardware optimized for a particular application domain. The microprocessor or microcontroller forms the core computing element with limited memory and peripheral interfaces. Memory may include RAM, ROM, Flash and other non-volatile types. Interfaces allow communication with external devices using common standards like USB, Ethernet, Serial, GPIO etc. Systems also include timing sources like oscillators, communication modules, sensors/actuators and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs/SoCs). Hardware is optimized for properties like small size, durability, low power consumption and real-time responsiveness rather than versatility.

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